COINTELPRO – הבדלי גרסאות

תוכן שנמחק תוכן שנוסף

בשורה

גרסה מ־20:18, 5 בנובמבר 2006

COINTELPRO - (Counter Intelligence Program) הינה תוכנית של זרוע החקירות הפדרליות של ממשלת ארה"ב שכוונה להתחקות, לפקח ולסכל ארגונים פוליטיים אשר מתנגדים למשטר בתוככי ארה"ב. למרות שמבצעים סמויים היו ככלי בפעילות ההיסטורית של הפ.ב.א במשך השנים, המבצע הנ"ל שנערך בין השנים 1956-1971 כוון למטרות רבות, כגון ארגונים שנחשבו אז לכוללים בתוכם אלמטים רדיקלים שנעו מכאלו שמטרתם הייתה להפיץ אלימות על מנת להוריד את הממשל האמריקאי כמו ארגון "מזג האוויר" (Weatherman) ועד לארגונים לא אלימים של תנועת שיוויון זכויות האזרח של מרטין לותר קינג (Martin Luther King Junior) וארגונים בדלניים כמו הקו קלאס קלאן (Ku Klux Klan) וארגונים פרו-נאציים. המסמך המכונן של התכונית דרש מסוכני הפ.ב.א ל"לחשוף, לסכל, לשנות את דרכם, להוריד מהכבוד שניתן להם ובמילים אחרות לנטרל" את הפעילויות של התנועות הללו ומנהיגיהם.

קריאה נוספת

ספרים

Blacstock, Nelson (1988). Cointelpro: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom. Pathfinder Press. ISBN 0-87348-877-6.
Carson, Clayborne; Gallen, David, editors (1991). Malcolm X: The FBI File. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-88184-758-5. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (עזרה)תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim. (2002). The Cointelpro Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States (2nd ed.). South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-648-8.{{cite book}}: תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim. (2002). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement (2nd ed.). South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-646-1.{{cite book}}: תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
Cunningham, David (2004). There’s Something Happening Here: The New Left, The Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23997-0.
Davis, James Kirkpatrick (1997). Assault on the Left. Praeger Trade. ISBN 0-275-95455-2.
Garrow, David (2006). The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Revised ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08731-4.
Glick, Brian (1989). War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S. Activists and What We Can Do About It. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-349-7.
Halperin, Morton; Berman, Jerry; Borosage Robert; Marwick, Christine (1976). The Lawless State: The Crimes Of The U.S. Intelligence Agencies. ISBN 0-14-004386-1.{{cite book}}: תחזוקה - ציטוט: multiple names: authors list (link)
Perkus, Cathy (1976). Cointelpro. Vintage.

דיווחי הממשל האמריקאי

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Internal Security. Hearings on Domestic Intelligence Operations for Internal Security Purposes. 93rd Cong., 2d sess, 1974.
U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Intelligence. Hearings on Domestic Intelligence Programs. 94th Cong., 1st sess, 1975.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Hearings on Riots, Civil and Criminal Disorders. 90th Cong., 1st sess. - 91st Cong. , 2d sess, 1967-1970.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Hearings — The National Security Agency and Fourth Amendment Rights. Vol. 6. 94th Cong., 1st sess, 1975.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Hearings — Federal Bureau of Investigation. Vol. 6. 94th Cong., 1st sess, 1975.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Final Report — Book II, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. 94th Cong., 2d sess, 1976.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Final Report — Book III , Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. 94th Cong., 2d sess, 1976.

קישורים חיצוניים

מסמכים

"Me and My Shadow": A History of the FBI's Covert Operations and COINTELPRO - Part 1. 34:21 minute Real Audio. Produced by Adi Gevins, Pacifica Radio. 1976. Rebroadcast by Democracy Now! Wednesday, June 5 2002. Retrieved May 12 2005.
"Me and My Shadow": A History of the FBI's Covert Operations and COINTELPRO - Part 2. 13:43 minute Real Audio. Produced by Adi Gevins, Pacifica Radio. 1976. Rebroadcast by Democracy Now! Thursday, June 6 2002. Retrieved May 12 2005.

אתרים

מאמרים

Cynthia McKinney regarding COINTELPRO on CounterPunch [1]

מסמכי הממשל האמריקאי

Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. United States Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, April 26 (legislative day, April 14), 1976. [AKA "Church Committee Report"]. Archived on COINTELPRO sources website. Transcription and html by Paul Wolf. Retrieved April 19 2005.

Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book II

I. Introduction and Summary

II. The Growth of Domestic Intelligence: 1936 to 1976

III. Findings

(A) Violating and Ignoring the Law

(B) Overbreadth of Domestic Intelligence Activity

(C) Excessive Use of Intrusive Techniques

(D) Using Covert Action to Disrupt and Discredit Domestic Groups

(E) Political Abuse of Intelligence Information

(F) Inadequate Controls on Dissemination and Retention

(G) Deficiencies in Control and Accountability

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations

Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports, Book III

@@ שורה 4: / שורה 4: @@
 המסמך המכונן של התכונית דרש מסוכני הפ.ב.א ל"לחשוף, לסכל, לשנות את דרכם, להוריד מהכבוד שניתן להם ובמילים אחרות לנטרל" את הפעילויות של התנועות הללו ומנהיגיהם.
+==קריאה נוספת==
-==History==
+===ספרים===
-COINTELPRO began in 1956 and was designed to "increase factionalism, cause disruption and win defections" inside the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party U.S.A.]] (CPUSA). However, the program was soon enlarged to include disruption of the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] (1961), the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (1964), African-American nationalist groups (including the [[Black Panther Party]] and the [[Nation of Islam]] (1967)), and the entire [[New Left]] socio-political movement, which included antiwar, community, and religious groups (1968).
-A later investigation by the Senate's [[Church Committee]] (see below) stated that "COINTELPRO began in 1956, in part because of frustration with Supreme Court rulings limiting the Government's power to proceed overtly against dissident groups..."<ref>[http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIa.htm http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIa.htm], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]].</ref> Congress and several court cases{{fact}} later concluded that the COINTELPRO operations against communist and socialist groups exceeded statutory limits on FBI activity and violated Constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and association.
-Supporters of the program argue that the project was rooted in the Bureau's knowledge that some domestic left-wing and radical organizations were manipulated by hostile foreign intelligence agencies. For example, the FBI had access to the [[Venona]] decrypts that showed the [[Soviet Union]] and its [[KGB]] manipulated and worked under the cover of the [[Communist Party USA|CPUSA]] for espionage purposes and to incite domestic unrest in the United States.
-Some of the largest COINTELPRO campaigns targeted the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Worker's Party]], the Ku Klux Klan[http://www.geocities.com/drabbs/workingpapers.html], the "[[New Left]]" (including several anti-war groups such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society]] and the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]]), [[Black Liberation]] groups (such as the [[Black Panthers]] and the [[Republic of New Africa]]), [[Puerto Rican independence groups]], the [[American Indian Movement]] and the [[Weather Underground]].
-The program was secret until 1971, when an FBI field office was burglarized by a group of left-wing radicals calling themselves the [[Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI]].  Several dossiers of files were taken and the information passed to [[news]] agencies.  Within the year, Director [[J. Edgar Hoover|Hoover]] declared that the centralized COINTELPRO was over, and that all future counterintelligence operations would be handled on a case-by-case basis.
-Further documents were revealed in the course of separate lawsuits filed against the FBI by NBC correspondent Carl Stern, the SWP, and a number of other groups. A major investigation was launched in 1976 by the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities of the United States Senate, commonly referred to as the "[[Church Committee]]" for its chairman, Senator [[Frank Church]] of [[Idaho]]. However, millions of pages of documents remain unreleased, and many released documents are entirely censored.
-In the Final Report of the Select Committee COINTELPRO was castigated in no uncertain terms:
-:"Many of the techniques used would be intolerable in a democratic society even if all of the targets had been involved in violent activity, but COINTELPRO went far beyond that...the Bureau conducted a sophisticated vigilante operation aimed squarely at preventing the exercise of First Amendment rights of speech and association, on the theory that preventing the growth of dangerous groups and the propagation of dangerous ideas would protect the national security and deter violence."<ref>[http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIa.htm http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIa.htm], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]].</ref>
-The Church Committee documented a history of the FBI being used for purposes of [[political repression]] as far back as [[World War I]], through the 1920s, when they were charged with rounding up "anarchists and revolutionaries" for deportation, and then building from 1936 through 1976.
-The FBI claims that it no longer undertakes COINTELPRO or COINTELPRO-like operations. However, critics claim that agency programs in the spirit of COINTELPRO target groups like the [[Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador]], [[Earth First!]] and the [[Anti-globalization|Anti-Globalization Movement]].{{fact}}
-==Methods==
-According to Brian Glick, in ''War at Home'', COINTELPRO used a broad array of methods, including:
-. "'''Infiltration:''' Agents and informers did not merely spy on political activists. Their main purpose was to discredit and disrupt. Their very presence served to undermine trust and scare off potential supporters. The FBI and police exploited this fear to smear genuine activists as agents." <ref>As an example of infiltration of organizations, Bill Wilkinson, the leader of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was an FBI informant.</ref>
-. "'''Psychological Warfare From the Outside''': The FBI and police used myriad other "dirty tricks" to undermine progressive movements. They planted false media stories and published bogus leaflets and other publications in the name of targeted groups. They forged correspondence, sent anonymous letters, and made anonymous telephone calls. They spread misinformation about meetings and events, set up pseudo movement groups run by government agents, and manipulated or strong-armed parents, employers, landlords, school officials and others to cause trouble for activists." <ref>An example of COINTELPRO's work in the media is a series of articles run in the San Francisco Examiner purporting to be interviews with radical Marxist [[H. Bruce Franklin]]. A subsequent libel suit showed that right-wing columnist Ed Montgomery had cooperated closely with the FBI in writing the story, and that J. Edgar Hoover had signed off on the articles before publication. [http://www.sfbg.com/39/03/cover_anniversary_intro.html http://www.sfbg.com/39/03/cover_anniversary_intro.html], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]]. In another example, the FBI also carried out a smear campaign against civil rights activist [[Viola Liuzzo]] after she was murdered by four [[Ku Klux Klan]] members, of whom one was a paid FBI informant. [http://www.detnews.com/2004/metro/0409/30/c01-289311.htm http://www.detnews.com/2004/metro/0409/30/c01-289311.htm], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]].</ref>
-. "'''Harassment Through the Legal System''': The FBI and police abused the legal system to harass dissidents and make them appear to be criminals. Officers of the law gave perjured testimony and presented fabricated evidence as a pretext for false arrests and wrongful imprisonment. They discriminatorily enforced tax laws and other government regulations and used conspicuous surveillance, 'investigative' interviews, and grand jury subpoenas in an effort to intimidate activists and silence their supporters."
-. "'''Extralegal Force and Violence''': The FBI and police threatened, instigated, and themselves conducted break-ins, vandalism, assaults, and beatings. The object was to frighten dissidents and disrupt their movements. In the case of radical Black and Puerto Rican activists (and later Native Americans), these attacks—including political assassinations—were so extensive, vicious, and calculated that they can accurately be termed a form of official 'terrorism.'". <ref>An example of a burglary is discussed at [http://www.sfbg.com/39/03/cover_anniversary_intro.html http://www.sfbg.com/39/03/cover_anniversary_intro.html], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]]. An example of involvement in violent acts is the 1965 murder of civil rights activist [[Viola Liuzzo]] by four Klansmen, of whom one was FBI informant Gary Rowe.  The Church Committee also found that, "while performing duties paid for by the Government, [Rowe] had ... 'beaten people severely, had boarded buses and kicked people, had [gone] into restaurants and beaten them [blacks] with blackjacks, chains, pistols.'" [http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]]. Another example noted by the Church Committee was "Sending an anonymous letter to the leader of a Chicago street gang (described as 'violence-prone') stating that the Black Panthers were supposed to have 'a hit out for you'. The letter was suggested because it 'may intensify . . . animosity' and cause the street gang leader to 'take retaliatory action'" [http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]].</ref>
-The FBI also conducted "[[black bag jobs]]", warrantless surreptitious entries, against the targeted groups and their members.<ref>[http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIf.htm http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIf.htm], retrieved [[August 14]] [[2005]].</ref>
-Supporters of the FBI argue that the Bureau was convinced that there was such a threat of domestic subversion posed by radical groups that extraordinary efforts were required to forestall violence and revolutionary insurgency. Hoover was willing to use false claims to attack his political enemies. In one memo he wrote: "Purpose of counterintelligence action is to disrupt the [[Black Panther Party]] and it is immaterial whether facts exist to substantiate the charge."
-In 1969 the FBI special agent in San Francisco wrote Hoover that his investigation of the Black Panther Party revealed that in his city, at least, the Black nationalists were primarily feeding breakfast to children. Hoover fired back a memo implying the career ambitions of the agent were directly related to his supplying evidence to support Hoover's view that the BPP was "a violence prone organization seeking to overthrow the Government by revolutionary means".
-In one particularly controversial incident, civil rights worker [[Viola Liuzzo]] was killed in 1965 by a shot from a car in which four Ku Klux Klansmen were riding; one of the Klansmen was an undercover COINTELPRO operative. Afterward, COINTELPRO spread false rumors that she was a member of the [[Communist Party]] and had abandoned her children in order to have sexual relationships with [[African Americans]] involved in the civil rights movement.
-<ref>http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/violaliuzzo.html; Detroit News, [[April 9]] [[2004]]; http://tom.digitalelite.com/2006_03_30_07_30_00.html</ref>
-==Illegal surveillance==
-The Final report of the [[Church Committee]] concluded:
-:"Too many people have been spied upon by too many Government agencies and too much information has been collected. The Government has often undertaken the secret surveillance of citizens on the basis of their political beliefs, even when those beliefs posed no threat of violence or illegal acts on behalf of a hostile foreign power. The Government, operating primarily through secret informants, but also using other intrusive techniques such as wiretaps, microphone "bugs" surreptitious mail opening, and break-ins, has swept in vast amounts of information about the personal lives, views, and associations of American citizens. Investigations of groups deemed potentially dangerous -- and even of groups suspected of associating with potentially dangerous organizations -- have continued for decades, despite the fact that those groups did not engage in unlawful activity. Groups and individuals have been harassed and disrupted because of their political views and their lifestyles. Investigations have been based upon vague standards whose breadth made excessive collection inevitable. Unsavory and vicious tactics have been employed -- including anonymous attempts to break up marriages, disrupt meetings, ostracize persons from their professions, and provoke target groups into rivalries that might result in deaths. Intelligence agencies have served the political and personal objectives of presidents and other high officials. While the agencies often committed excesses in response to pressure from high officials in the Executive branch and Congress, they also occasionally initiated improper activities and then concealed them from officials whom they had a duty to inform.
-:Governmental officials -- including those whose principal duty is to enforce the law --have violated or ignored the law over long periods of time and have advocated and defended their right to break the law.
-:The Constitutional system of checks and balances has not adequately controlled intelligence activities. Until recently the Executive branch has neither delineated the scope of permissible activities nor established procedures for supervising intelligence agencies. Congress has failed to exercise sufficient oversight, seldom questioning the use to which its appropriations were being put. Most domestic intelligence issues have not reached the courts, and in those cases when they have reached the courts, the judiciary has been reluctant to grapple with them."<ref name = "Church"> {{cite web
-| title =INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES AND THE RIGHTS OF AMERICANS BOOK II, FINAL REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES  UNITED STATES SENATE (Church Committee)
-| work =United States Senate
-| url =http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm
-| accessdate =May 11 |accessyear = 2006
-}} </ref> <ref name = "Slate"> {{cite web
-| title =Tapped Out Why Congress won't get through to the NSA.
-| work =Slate.com
-| url =http://www.slate.com/id/2135325/
-| accessdate =May 11 |accessyear = 2006
-}} </ref>
-==Further reading==
-===Books===
 *{{cite book | author=Blacstock, Nelson | title=Cointelpro: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom | publisher=Pathfinder Press | year=1988 | id=ISBN 0-87348-877-6}}
 *{{cite book | author=Carson, Clayborne; Gallen, David, editors | title=Malcolm X: The FBI File | publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers | year=1991 | id=ISBN 0-88184-758-5}}
@@ שורה 78: / שורה 17: @@
 *{{cite book | author=Perkus, Cathy | title=Cointelpro | publisher=Vintage | year=1976 | id=}}
+===דיווחי הממשל האמריקאי===
-===U.S. Government reports===
 * U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Internal Security. '''Hearings on Domestic Intelligence Operations for Internal Security Purposes'''. 93rd Cong., 2d sess, 1974.
 * U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Intelligence. '''Hearings on Domestic Intelligence Programs'''. 94th Cong., 1st sess, 1975.
@@ שורה 86: / שורה 25: @@
 * U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. '''Final Report &mdash; Book II, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans'''. 94th Cong., 2d sess, 1976.
 * U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. '''Final Report &mdash; Book III , Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans'''. 94th Cong., 2d sess, 1976.
-==See also==
-<!--alphabetize all additions-->
-* [[:Category:COINTELPRO targets]]
-* [[Agent provocateur]]
-* [[H. Bruce Franklin|Franklin, H. Bruce]], targeted by COINTELPRO
-* [[Fred Hampton|Hampton, Fred]], targeted by COINTELPRO
-* [[Viola Liuzzo]], murdered by a shot from a car used by four Ku Klux Klansmen, one of whom as a COINTELPRO informant
-* [[NSA call database]]
-* [[Operation Mockingbird]]
-* Gary Rowe, COINTELPRO informant accused (and acquitted) of involvement in the murder of civil rights activist [[Viola Liuzzo]]
-* [[Morris Starsky|Starsky, Morris ]], early target of COINTELPRO
-* [[THERMCON]]
-* [[Weather Underground]]
-* [[The COINTELPRO Papers]]
-==מקורות==
 ==קישורים חיצוניים==