משתמש:AlexKarpman/ארגז חול 1

כרגע בשימוש עבור כתיבת משתמש:AlexKarpman/אלפבית פרסי.

תנועות בפרסית

סיכום של התנועות מפרסית לפני שני המקורות, ולאחר מכן איחוד:

ויקי האנגלית - w:en:Persian phonology

Diachronically, Persian possessed a distinction of length in its underlying vowel inventory, contrasting the long vowels /i:/, /u:/, /ɒ:/ with the short vowels /e/, /o/, /æ/ respectively. In Modern Persian, this distinction of quantity is neutralized in most environments; short vowels lengthen in closed syllables. Because the neutralization is not complete and other processes, including a number of vowel quality alternations, depend on this distinction of length, it is not possible to analyze the underlying vowel inventory of Modern Persian without length. On the other hand, for reasons of concreteness, it is not desirable to analyze the short and long vowels as identical in quality (with their respective differences being derived by rule.)

Word-final /o/ does not occur frequently (except for to - 'thou'), and word-final /æ/ is very rare in Iranian Persian (except for næ - 'no'). The word-final /æ/ in Early New Persian mostly shifted to /e/ in contemporary Iranian Persian (often romanized as <eh>), but is preserved in the Eastern dialects.

The vowel phonemes of Persian

Phoneme	Sound (in IPA)	Letter	Romanization	Example(s)
/æ/	[æ]	َ , ا	a	/næ/   نه   no
/ɒ/	[ɒ]	آ , ا	a, aa, ā, â, A	/tɒ/   تا   till
/e/	[e]	ِ , ا	e	/ke/   که   that
/i/	[i]	ی	i, ee, y	/ki/   کی   who
/o/	[o]	ا , ُ , و	o	/to/   تو   thou
/u/	[u]	و	u, oo, ou	/tu/   تو   in
/ei/	[ei]	ی	ey, ei, ay, ai	/kei/   کی   when
/ou/	[ou]	و	ow, au	/kou/ کو   weevil

אוניברסיטת מינסוטה - פרסית למתחילים

The Nonconnectors

basic form

ا

1. The Letter ا ælef

The letter ا ælef is a single vertical stroke. The independent form of ælef is written from top to bottom. It rests on the line (see below, for the final form of ælef).

basic form

و

4. The letter vav

و vav has two basic uses. It is used as the vowel u as well as the consonant v. As the vowel u, when used syllable initially, it must be preceded by an ælef: او u (he). In syllable medial and syllable final positions, it usually represents the sound u, except if it is preceded by an ælef, in which case it is pronounced v: واو vav. Syllable initially (without a preceding ælef), it represents the consonant v. See also further below for the use of vav as a consonant.

In a few instances such as in دو do (two), vav represents the vowel o. The words that use vav to represent the vowel o will have to be memorized.

Vocalization

The letter ælef is most frequently used to represent the unwritten vowels of the Persian alphabet. In fact, in syllable initial position, with the help of a set of diacritics, the letter ا ælef represents almost all the vowel initial syllables of Persian. These symbols are:

1. Madda (~). When added directly over the top of a syllable initial ælef, the madda represents a syllable initial a, thus: آ = a. Dictionaries explain the madda as a modified form of ا ælef itself. They say it is written in this way to avoid writing two ælefs (اا) to represent the initial vowel a. If the syllable is not a word-initial syllable, the madda may be dropped. The letter ælef alone represents the sound a in syllable-medial and syllable-final positions:

آر آز را آرا آزاد دارا داد

The Connectors

Practice Reading