English: Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) interact with microbial membranes and their associated mechanisms of action. The mechanisms for membrane permeation begin with (a) AMP interaction with microbial membranes, allowing AMPs to insert themselves. (b) The barrel-stave model results when AMPs insert perpendicularly into microbial membranes and self-assemble to form pores [83,84]. (c) The carpet model works by absorbing AMPs, resulting in disrupting the microbial membranes through micellization [86]. (d) The toroidal-pore model results from incorporating AMPs to form a continuous interface with the microbial membrane [28,84]. AMPs can also translocate across microbial membranes and bind to intracellular targets, resulting in cell death. These intracellular targets include (I) inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, (II) inhibiting protein synthesis, and (III) inhibition of cell wall synthesis [22]. Adapted from (Bahar et al., 2013) CC BY 3.0 [103]. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 15 December 2022).