משתמש:רנדום/ארגז חול/1

מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית

הנדסת תוכנה (באנגלית: Software Engineering) היא ענף של הנדסה העוסק בפיתוח תוכנה.

הנדסת תוכנה מיישמת גישה שיטתית, מבוקרת ומדידה לפיתוח, תפעול ותחזוקה של תוכנה.[1] הנדסת תוכנה מקיפה את מחזור החיים השלם של תוכנה, וכוללת ידע, שיטות וכלים עבור דרישות תוכנה, תכנון תוכנה, בניית תוכנה, בדיקות תוכנה, תחזוקת תוכנה, ניהול תצורת תוכנה ואיכות תוכנה.[2] הנדסת תוכנה נועדה להפחית את המורכבות שבפיתוח תוכנה, לשפר את אמינות התוכנה המפותחת, ולהקטין את עלויות התפעול והתחזוקה. מאפיין בולט של הנדסת התוכנה הוא פיתוח מערכות מורכבות הכוללות חומרה, תוכנה ותקשורת.

הנדסת תוכנה החלה להתגבש כתחום ייחודי בשנות ה-60 המאוחרות, על רקע משבר התוכנה. עד אותה עת נחשבה הנדסת התוכנה לענף משני של מדעי המחשב. כנס ראשון להנדסת תוכנה נערך בשנת 1968 על ידי ועדת המדע של נאט"ו,[3] וציין את תחילת דרכו של הענף כתחום נפרד ועצמאי. עם החלוצים בתחום נמנים פרד ברוקס, בארי בם, טוני הור ודייוויד פרנס. גרסה ראשונה של גוף הידע הרשמי של המקצוע הושלמה בשנת 1999, ובאותה השנה הוענק לפרד ברוקס פרס טיורינג על "תרומותיו פורצות הדרך בהנדסת מחשבים, מערכות הפעלה והנדסת תוכנה",[4] ושני האירועים נחשבים לאבני דרך חשובות בהתפתחות הענף. בארצות הברית, מסלול לימודים אקדמי להנדסת תוכנה (BSc) נפתח לראשונה בשנת 1996, ומסלול דומה מוצע גם בישראל. עם זאת, נכון לשנת 2006, לרוב העוסקים בתחום יש הכשרה אקדמית במדעי המחשב ולא בהנדסת תוכנה.[5]

יסודותיה התאורטיים של הנדסת התוכנה לקוחים ממדעי המחשב, ובצד המעשי היא חולקת עקרונות ושיטות עם הנדסת מחשבים, הנדסת מערכות, הבטחת איכות, הנדסת אנוש וניהול פרויקטים. בניגוד חד לדיסציפלנות ההנדסה האחרות, שיטותיה של הנדסת התוכנה בפתח המאה ה-21 אינן מבטיחות כי תוצריה יהיו עקביים, אמינים או שימושיים.[6] יתר על כן, שיטותיה אינן אחידות, אינן מוסְדרות, ורובן המכריע מבוסס על כללי אצבע ונעדר תשתית מתמטית איתנה. בשל כך, ובשל היבטים נוספים של הנדסת תוכנה, שאלת סיווגה כענף של ההנדסה, המדע או האמנות תלויה ועומדת, וכן שוררת אי-הסכמה באשר לנכונותן או נחיצותן של רבות מהפרדיגמות והשיטות המשמשות בה.

סימוכין[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]

משתמש:רנדום/ארגז חול/1/ביב:תקן


IEEE 24765-2010 3.2760 software engineering 1. the systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software. ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, Information technology — Vocabulary — Part 1: Fundamental terms.01.04.07. 2. the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software

"IEEE 610.12-1990: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications" (PDF). (2007 revision). International Standards Organization. 12 ביוני 2007. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2007.373646. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה); Cite journal requires |journal= (עזרה)


  1. ^ שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם IEEE90
  2. ^ שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם SWEBOK04
  3. ^ שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם Naur69
  4. ^ שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם ACM99
  5. ^ שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם ACM06
  6. ^ שגיאת ציטוט: תג <ref> לא תקין; לא נכתב טקסט עבור הערות השוליים בשם ACM00

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[6]

{{הערה|שם=Dijkstra93|{{cite web | url = http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD11xx/EWD1165.html | title = There is still a war going on (manuscript Austin, 3 December 1993) | accessdate = 2007-02-17 | last = Dijkstra | first = Edsger W| authorlink = Edsger Dijkstra | coauthors = transcribed by Mario Béland | date = 1993-12-03; transcription last revised 2004-11-23 | work = E. W. Dijkstra Archive | publisher = The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Computer Sciences | quote = When the term was coined in 1968 by F.L. Bauer of the Technological University of Munich, I welcomed it. [. . .] In the mean time, software engineering has become an almost empty term, as was nicely demonstrated by Data General who overnight promoted all its programmers to the exalted rank of “software engineer”! }}}} {{הערה|שם=Salah02|Salah, Akram I. (2002). [http://www.micsymposium.org/mics_2002/SALAH.PDF Annual Midwest Instruction and Computing Symposium]: "For some, software engineering is just a glorified name for programming. If you are a programmer, you might put 'software engineer' on your business card — never 'programmer' though."}}

</references>

דארווין[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]

Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist.[I] He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors,[7] and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.[8]

Darwin published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species.[9][10] By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.[11][12] In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[13][14]

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science.[15] His five-year voyage on תבנית:HMS established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.[16]

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.[17] Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority.[18] He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories.[19]> Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.[11] In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.[20] periodical = Genetics | volume = 154 | issue =April 2000 | pages = 1419–1426 | url =http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/154/4/1419#The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism | accessdate =11 November 2008 | pmid = 10747041 | pmc = 1461012 | ref = harv | postscript = }}
Wilkins, John. "Evolving Thoughts: Darwin and the Holocaust 3: eugenics". נבדק ב-11 בנובמבר 2008. {{cite web}}: (עזרה))

Notes[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]

VI. ^ Darwin did not share the then common view that other races are inferior, and said of his taxidermy tutor John Edmonstone, a freed black slave, "I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man".<ref name=eddy/>

Early in the Beagle voyage he nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. (Darwin 1958, p. 74) He wrote home about "how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character." (Darwin 1887, p. 246) Regarding Fuegians, he "could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement", but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians like Jemmy Button: "It seems yet wonderful to me, when I think over all his many good qualities, that he should have been of the same race, and doubtless partaken of the same character, with the miserable, degraded savages whom we first met here."(Darwin 1845, pp. 205, 207–208)

In the Descent of Man he mentioned the Fuegians and Edmonstone when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species".[21]

He rejected the ill-treatment of native people, and for example wrote of massacres of Patagonian men, women, and children, "Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country?"(Darwin 1845, p. 102)

Citations[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]


שגיאות פרמטריות בתבנית:הערות שוליים
פרמטרים [ טורים ] לא מופיעים בהגדרת התבנית

  1. ^ Naur, Peter, Randell, Brian (1969). Report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committeeקובץ PDF: "...The report summarises the discussions at a Working Conference on Software Engineering, sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The Conference was attended by more than fifty people, from eleven different countries, all concerned professionally with software, either as users, manufacturers, or teachers at universities."
  2. ^ IEEE 610.12-1990 (1990). A Glossary of Software Engineering Terminologyקובץ PDF, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. p.67: "Software Engineering. (1) The application of systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software. (2) The study of approaches as in (1)."
  3. ^ Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (2004)קובץ PDF. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. p.1-2
  4. ^ "Frederick P. Brooks Jr. has made landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering ' contributions that have stood the test of time and shaped the way we think about computing."[1]
  5. ^ Computing Careers, Software Engineering (2006). Association for Computing Machinery: "Most people who now function in the U.S. as serious software engineers have degrees in computer science, not in software engineering. In large part this is because computer degrees have been widely available for more than 30 years and software engineering degrees have not."
  6. ^ Association for Computing Machinery (July 17, 2000): "A Summary of the ACM Position on Software Engineering as a Licensed Engineering Profession"קובץ PDF, p.7: "One of the central purposes of licensing is to provide assurances to the public that a licensed person is competent at their professional duties. In the case of software engineering, a license would be interpreted as an authoritative statement that the licensed engineer would be capable of producing software systems of consistent reliability, dependability, and usability. The ACM Council concluded that our state of knowledge and practice is too immature to give such assurances"
  7. ^ Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Viking. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9.
  8. ^ Larson 2004, pp. 79–111
  9. ^ Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-19-923084-6. In The Origin, Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling but not completely decisive.
  10. ^ Glass, Bentley (1959). Forerunners of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. iv. ISBN 0-8018-0222-9. Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness
  11. ^ 1 2 van Wyhe 2008
  12. ^ Bowler 2003, pp. 178–179, 338, 347
  13. ^ The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography. darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved on 2006-12-15
    Dobzhansky 1973
  14. ^ As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "The Origin of Species has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." Carroll, Joseph, ed. (2003). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview. p. 15. ISBN 1-55111-337-6.
  15. ^ Leff 2000, About Charles Darwin
  16. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 210, 284–285
  17. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 263–274
  18. ^ van Wyhe 2007, pp. 184, 187
  19. ^ Beddall, B. G. (1968). "Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 1 (2): 261–323. doi:10.1007/BF00351923.
  20. ^ Freeman 1977
  21. ^ Darwin 1871, pp. 214, 232.

References[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]

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